A Grown-up Guide to Disney Classics

Early Disney experimental shorts are prankish. Free of didacticism, they are about child’s play. The main goal of their production is to create laughter, for Walt Disney was hired by sponsors to produce a little humor of the day for the theater.

As Disney began to identify with the children’s market, his style began to change. By studying Mickey Mouse’s change of appearance over time, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould demonstrated that Disney unconsciously discovered the evolutionary principle of “neoteny” (Gould 1980, p. 104). Because we mammals require parental care for an extended period of time, we developed a natural affection for the baby face (big head, large eyes, bulging craniums, weak chins-in short, the “cute” look) so that we remain attracted to our young.

As Gould pointed out, in over 50 years of gradual transformation, Mickey’s appearance has grown backward, from adult to baby (pp. 95-107). Walt Disney might not have known the scientific principle, but his identification with the family market was conscious. Not only does Mickey Mouse gradually grow “younger,” but he also becomes increasingly better behaved. The use of juvenility in Disney’s house style is developed out of a prolonged process of experimentation; it is connected to Disney’s role as a perpetuator of the American dream in the family setting.

The mature Walt Disney played the role of educator and cultural guardian. This role was not very different from that of the Grimm brothers and Hans Christian Andersen. Disney’s storytelling-original as well as adaptive-had the same motivation as that of the collectors and writers of nineteenth-century fairy tales, who believed these stories should be a tool of domestic education. Their view led to the “refinement” of the old wives’ tales: removing coarse language, minimizing sexual and excremental references, and so on (Carter 1990, p. xvii); similarly, Disney’s classic tales carry this sense of “refinement.”

Disney’s classic stories are references for life’s many challenges, yet also cast a sweetened reality for the wives and children of the traditional household. At the same time, Disney’s masterpieces can indeed underscore a reality that tastes more like dark chocolate than candy. When Disney’s classics have happy endings, they do so only in the context of greed (Snow White), social discrimination (Dumbo), the destructive nature of humanity (Bambi), sacrifice (Old Yeller), the cycle of life and death (Perri), and cruelty (Cinderella). As the narrator of Perri explains, “Death is a necessary evil; some die that others may survive.” Or as Bambi’s theme song reveals, “[L]ife may be swift and fleeting; hope may die.” Bambi can be regarded as Disney’s response to a time of darkness, even though it was conceptualized, based on Felix Salten’s book, before World War II. The film preserves Salten’s themes of life and nature while spinning a poetic realism to portray human destruction.

In Bambi, nature, represented by a harmonious animal world, is set against a common enemy – namely humanity. As film critic Leonard Maltin described it, “The drama in Bambi is one of understatement, and its effectiveness is great. Dialogue, which is kept to a minimum, is used in a quiet way to contrast the vociferous nature of the film’s climaxes. Man is never shown in the film, yet the simple statement by Bambi’s mother, after a frenzied chase with dozens of deer running for shelter, that “man [pause] was in the forest” creates an impact no literal device could accomplish” (Maltin 1973, p. 56). Although Bambi survives the forest fire caused by the faceless humans-a happy ending, one may suggest-the film is overshadowed by environmental destruction and anguish. Its ending is cathartic, bringing about a release of negative emotions rather than providing a lighthearted, “happy” resolution.

In this context, the adorable portrait of the animals in Disney’s house style is an effective tool for teaching children about the love of nature as well as the nature of love. Love can be defined as a necessary good that motivates one to confront death for the sake of others’ lives. It is an engine of survival.

In general, Disney classics demonstrate a balance between entertainment value and artistic quality, revealing life’s various challenges and expressing the diverse emotions that a child might feel. They seem to follow certain thematic patterns, some appealing to children generally and others relating specifically to girls. These themes are addressed individually in the discussion that follows.

Alice’s Wonderland

The Alice theme involves the exploration of an imaginary world that is full of illogical wonders. From a child’s point of view, the world is magical and strange, often overwhelmingly incomprehensible, so this theme is an attempt to identify with children’s confusion and to encourage them to go on with life’s journey. Obviously, the entire Alice in Wonderland is about meeting strange people in strange places. But the Alice theme also recurs in many Disney classics: the visit to the whale’s stomach in Pinocchio, the dream of the pink elephants in Dumbo, the Never-Never Land in Peter Pan, the “Jolly Holiday” episode in Mary Poppins, and so on.

The journey to the strange world always provides a new perspective on life. Most of the time, Disney’s adventurer does not return to reality, concluding, as Dorothy does in The Wizard of Oz, that “there is no place like home.” The protagonist in Disney’s classics gains new insights about life through the magic of Fantasia. Figuratively, Walt Disney’s version of Alice’s wonderland is Disneyland itself.

The Pinocchio Symptom

The Pinocchio symptom is also a key element in Alice in Wonderland. Instead of the strangeness of the world, this theme refers to the strangeness of the fast-growing, constantly transforming body of a child. The Pinocchio theme is about coping with growth and socialization. It identifies with children’s feelings of being out of control in both body and mind, best represented comically when Pinocchio is partially turned into a jackass.

Usually accompanying the Pinocchio symptom is the realization that things will turn out all right in time-that is, when the potential of the character’s humanity is fully realized. Beneath the Pinocchio symptom is the promise of the ugly duckling’s transformation into a swan (the motif of the ugly duckling being best known through Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tale of that name).

Bambi’s Lament

Perhaps because he identified closely with the tradition of fairy tales in great literature, Walt Disney was not afraid of discussing the loss of loved ones with children through stories. The death of Bambi’s mother is certainly the most memorable moment in all of Disney’s tales. But the theme also has many variations-for example, the imprisonment of Dumbo’s mother, Old Yeller’s rabies infection, and the entire cursed kingdom in Sleeping Beauty. Most of the time in children’s films, the loss of a loved one is implied rather than portrayed.

The loss of the natural mother in Snow White and also in Cinderella is a good example. This theme is a main ingredient in the fairy tale tradition. Years ago, as Angela Carter explains, “The maternal mortality rates were high and a child might live with two, three or even more stepmothers before she herself embarked on the perilous career of motherhood” (1990, p. xix). Even with the present-day low rates of maternal mortality, the danger of the world and the unpredictability of life remain. Storytelling is a human way of coping with the hardship and complexity of life; the theme of loss and the cycle of life are crucial to children’s mental health.

Dumbo’s Flight

Dumbo’s flight is particularly fascinating. In contrast to European literary themes that Disney inherited through the tradition of children’s literature, it is the most “American” in terms of its social and political assumptions. It dramatizes the idea that, if one finds one’s own individuality and strength, one can rise above hostile circumstances and become successful. It encourages children to pursue their dreams and live up to their potential. Structurally, Dumbo’s flight requires a character who is socially unpopular and/or emotionally confused.

Like Dumbo, not knowing what to do with his life, the character will go through a painful process of self-realization. When the dream is realized, the character will surprise the crowd in triumph. Dumbo’s flight does not recur very often in Walt Disney’s films because Disney’s mantra is more about “never giving up your dream” than about actually “realizing your dream.” Nevertheless, this theme will eventually become central to contemporary Disney girl culture.

The Cinderella Fantasy

Similar to Dumbo’s flight, the Cinderella fantasy is about coping with hostile circumstances; however, unlike Dumbo, Cinderella finds love rather than a career. Like Snow White and Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella is passive. She has a good heart but no ambition. Escape, not success, is the incentive.

Unlike the case with Alice, the ordinary little girl who finds selfcontrol in dreamland, Cinderella’s journey is incomplete without her Prince Charming. Although this theme has been heavily criticized for presenting a passive model of femininity to girl viewers, in Walt Disney’s defense, he did not produce many princess stories in his lifetime, even though the box office receipts suggested that they had universal appeal. Loved by the public, the Cinderella fantasy is a dream of glamour, a fantasy about transcending the meritocracy of modern life through wish fulfillment in the imaginary space.